West Civ Final Exam

Question: Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: The Egyptians focused their entire society around death and the afterlife, showing that they were obsessed with death and everything that involved death.

Primary Source #1:

“The mode of embalming, according to the most perfect process, is the following:- They take first a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid of a portion, while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs; next they make a cut along the flank with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and take out the whole contents of the abdomen, which they then cleanse, washing it thoroughly with palm wine, and again frequently with an infusion of pounded aromatics. After this they fill the cavity with the purest bruised myrrh, with cassia, and every other sort of spicery except frankincense, and sew up the opening. Then the body is placed in natrum for seventy days, and covered entirely over. After the expiration of that space of time, which must not be exceeded, the body is washed, and wrapped round, from head to foot, with bandages of fine linen cloth, smeared over with gum, which is used generally by the Egyptians in the place of glue, and in this state it is given back to the relations, who enclose it in a wooden case which they have had made for the purpose, shaped into the figure of a man. Then fastening the case, they place it in a sepulchral chamber, upright against the wall. Such is the most costly way of embalming the dead.”

Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): Herodotus: Description of Mummification

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-mummies.html

Primary Source #2:

“Thou shalt come in and go out, thy heart rejoicing, in the favour of the Lord of the Gods, a good burial [being thine] after a venerable old age, when age has come, thou assuming thy place in the coffin, and joining earth on the high ground of the west.”

“Thou shalt change into a living Ba(1) and surely he will have power to obtain bread and water and air; and thou shalt take shape as a heron or swallow, as a falcon or a bittern, whichever thou pleasest.”

Mircea Eliade "From Primitives to Zen": SURVIVAL AS BA

http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/169.html

Primary Source #3:

"Homage to thee, Osiris, Lord of eternity, King of the Gods, whose names are manifold, whose forms are holy, thou being of hidden form in the temples, whose Ka is holy. Thou art the governor of Tattu (Busiris), and also the mighty one in Sekhem (Letopolis). Thou art the Lord to whom praises are ascribed in the nome of Ati, thou art the Prince of divine food in Anu. Thou art the Lord who is commemorated in Maati, the Hidden Soul, the Lord of Qerrt (Elephantine), the Ruler supreme in White Wall (Memphis). Thou art the Soul of Ra, his own body, and hast thy place of rest in Henensu (Herakleopolis)”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Books/Papyrus_Ani.html

Explanation of Argument: The first source talks about how the Egyptians embalmed their dead. It was very precise and had to be perfect. They wanted to be treated like kings even when they were dead.the second source talks about the afterlife and how it is a great time. The third primary source shows how they praise the king of the afterlife, Osiris. This shows how they focus so much on the afterlife and death. The Egyptians, obviously, focused much of their attention to death and should e considered “obsessed” with it.

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Herodotus is a better model for modern historians due to his great detail and accounts of eye witnesses. This is key for a modern historian.

Primary Source #1:

“Of all the days in the year, the one which they celebrate most is their birthday. It is customary to have the board furnished on that day with an ampler supply than common. The richer Persians cause an ox, a horse, a camel, and an ass to be baked whole and so served up to them: the poorer classes use instead the smaller kinds of cattle. They eat little solid food but abundance of dessert, which is set on table a few dishes at a time; this it is which makes them say that "the Greeks, when they eat, leave off hungry, having nothing worth mention served up to them after the meats; whereas, if they had more put before them, they would not stop eating." They are very fond of wine, and drink it in large quantities. To vomit or obey natural calls in the presence of another is forbidden among them. Such are their customs in these matters.”

Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On the Customs of the Persians

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persians.html

Primary Source #2:

“And now, when the morning broke, the six Persians, according to agreement, met together on horseback, and rode out to the suburb. As they went along they neared the spot where the mare was tethered the night before, whereupon the horse of Darius sprang forward and neighed. just at the same time, though the sky was clear and bright, there was a flash of lightning, followed by a thunderclap. It seemed as if the heavens conspired with Darius, and hereby inaugurated him king: so the five other nobles leaped with one accord from their steeds, and bowed down before him and owned him for their king.”

Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): The Persians Reject Democracy/Darius' State Organization

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persdemo.html

Primary Source #3:

“Following this course for many months over a vast stretch of sea, and finding that more water than he had crossed still lay ever before him, he put about, and came back to Egypt. Thence proceeding to the court, he made report to Xerxes, that at the farthest point to which he had reached, the coast was occupied by a dwarfish race, who wore a dress made from the palm tree. These people, whenever he landed, left their towns and fled away to the mountains; his men, however, did them no wrong, only entering into their cities and taking some of their cattle. The reason why he had not sailed quite round Libya was, he said, because the ship stopped, and would no go any further. Xerxes, however, did not accept this account for true; and so Sataspes, as he had failed to accomplish the task set him, was impaled by the king's orders in accordance with the former sentence.”

Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, from The Histories, c. 430 BCE

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Explanation of Argument: In the first primary source, Herodotus goes into great detail about something not so significant – how the Persians celebrate their birthdays. I think it is good how he went through so much for information about something so trivial. The second source and third source follow the same as the first. Herodotus goes into great detail and took very detailed observations. He had to have talked to some of the people, which is great for modeling for modern times. Today reporters are all about details and eye witnesses; Herodotus is just like one of them.

Question: Considering all of the conflict of the first century BCE, was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?

Thesis: Roe was better off as an empire than a republic. They thrived as an empire, but only encountered conflicts as a republic.

Primary Source #1: “The poor were afflicted with great grief, and justly so, both on account of themselves, for they thought that they would no longer dwell in a free state under equitable laws, but were to be reduced to slavery by the rich, and on account of Gracchus personally, who had brought upon himself such peril for their sakes. Therefore, they all escorted him with lamentations to his home at nighttime, and bade him take heart for the next day. Gracchus gathered courage, and calling together his friends before daylight, imparted to them a sign to be made for a resort to violence.”

Appian {1st Cent CE): The Civil Wars (On the Gracchi)

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/appian-civwars1.html

Primary Source #2:

“But the Roman prudence was more particularly employed on matters which have received but little attention from the Greeks---such as paving their roads, constructing aqueducts, and sewers. In fact they have paved the roads, cut through hills, and filled up valleys, so that the merchandise may be conveyed by carriage from the ports. The sewers, arched over with hewn stones, are large enough in parts for actual hay wagons to pass through, while so plentiful is the supply of water from the aqueducts, that rivers may be said to flow through the city and the sewers, and almost every house is furnished with water pipes and copious fountains.”

Strabo (64/3 BCE- c.21 CE): The Grandeur of Rome, c. 20 CE

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/strabo5-rome.html

Primary Source #3:

“In the consulship of Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus the question of filling up the Senate was discussed, and the chief men of Gallia Comata, as it was called, who had long possessed the rights of allies and of Roman citizens, sought the privilege of obtaining public offices at Rome. There was much talk of every kind on the subject, and it was argued before the emperor with vehement opposition. "Italy," it was asserted, "is not so feeble as to be unable to furnish its own capital with a senate. Once our native-born citizens sufficed for peoples of our own kin, and we are by no means dissatisfied with the Rome of the past. To this day we cite examples, which under our old customs the Roman character exhibited as to valour and renown.”

Tacitus (b.56/57-after 117 CE): Admitting Provincials to the Senate, 48 CE

Explanation of Argument: The first source talks about how a civil war broke out during the Roman republic. This does not say anything good about the Romans when they were a republic. The second source talks about how Rome is thriving as an empire with new inventions that are improving everything. The third source talks about setting up the empire with officials. This will make Rome’s future positive. All of these sources either say how well the roman empire is doing or how bad the Roman republic is doing.

Question: Were the Vikings “barbarians”?

Thesis: The Vikings were extremely barbaric beyond all other ancient, or medieval societies.

Primary Source #1:

“Moreover I shall part from thee unless thou wreakest vengeance for this." And now he could stand her taunts no longer, and ordered the men to rise at once and take their weapons; and this they yield. And they then proceeded directly to the house of the brothers, and entered it while the folk were asleep, and seized and bound them, and led each one out when he was bound; and, as they came out, Freydis caused each one to be slain. In this wise all of the men were put to death, and only the women were left; and these no one would kill. At this Freydis exclaimed, "Hand me an axe." This was done; and she fell upon the five women, and left them dead.”

The Discovery of North America by Leif Ericsson, c. 1000 from The Saga of Eric the Red, 1387 - Freydis

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1000Vinland.html

Primary Source #2:

“In a passage that has become famous, the Ynglingasaga sets the comrades of Odin before us: 'They went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them; and this is what is called the fury of the berserker.”

Initiation of a Warrior: Going Berserk, Volsunga Saga chapters 7-8.

http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/145.html

Primary Source #3:

“The Skrœlingar also found a dead man, and his axe lay beside him. One of them struck a stone with it, and broke the axe. It seemed to them good for nothing, as it did not withstand the stone, and they threw it down.”

EIRIK THE RED'S SAGA: Dealings with the Skrœlingar.

http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17946/17946-h/17946-h.htm#chap_10

Explanation of Argument: All three sources talk about barbaric deeds the Vikings did. From slaughtering men to the initiating into a certain tribe, the Vikings were truly barbaric.

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The Black Death and the 100 Years’ War both profoundly affected the development of Europe, especially England for a long time. These occurrences stunted the growth for hundreds of years.

Primary Source #1:

“DURING these times there was a pestilence, by which the whole human race came near to being annihilated. Now in the case of all other scourges sent from heaven some explanation of a cause might be given by daring men, such as the many theories propounded by those who are clever in these matters; for they love to conjure up causes which are absolutely incomprehensible to man, and to fabricate outlandish theories of natural philosophy knowing well that they are saying nothing sound but considering it sufficient for them, if they completely deceive by their argument some of those whom they meet and persuade them to their view”

Procopius: The Plague, 542, History of the Wars, II.xxii-xxxiii:

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/542procopius-plague.html

Primary Source #2:

“Moreover, the virulence of the pest was the greater by reason the intercourse was apt to convey it from the sick to the whole, just as fire devours things dry or greasy when they are brought close to it, the evil went yet further, for not merely by speech or association with the sick was the malady communicated to the healthy with consequent peril of common death; but any that touched the clothes the sick or aught else that had been touched, or used by these seemed thereby to contract the disease.”

[Tierney 84] Giovanni Boccaccio: Decameron: Introduction, on the Black Death

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boccacio2.html

Primary Source #3:

“Paid to 40 men-at-arms for their arms and wages, 60 pounds. Paid to the 60 archers, for their wages, bows and arrows, and other necessaries, 30 pounds. Paid to the men-at-arms and archers aforesaid, as a courtesy, by order of the Mayor and Aldermen, 10 pounds. Paid to William Hauteyn, the centenar, and to William Maleseurs, for their trouble in selecting the said 100 men, by precept of the Mayor and Aldermen, 40 shillings. For the purchase of 346 ½ ells of red and green cloth, for gowns, 22 pounds, 19 shillings, 9 pence. For buying 70 ells of blanket for their hoods, 4 pounds, 7 shillings, 6 pence. For making such gowns and hoods, 4 pounds, 7 shillings, 6 pence. For making such gowns and hoods, 100 shillings. Paid to Nicholas de Abyndone, serjeant, for escorting the said men to our Lord the King at Ipswich, 4 marks. For buying a standard, flag and trumpet, and for carriage of arms, 11 shillings. Total, 137 pounds, 11 shillings, 7 pence.”

Payments made to the men sent by the City to aid the King in his war with France (1338)

http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/france1338.htm

Explanation of Argument: The first two sources tell about the tolls of the plague on Europe. The plague was devastating and killed hundreds of people. The third source lists the payments England had to make to France to help with their war campaign. The plague killed of hundreds of people, and the war took away a large amount of money from England. Both of these together set back Europe, especially England.

Question: Structures, both social and physical are continually improving." Agree or disagree -- using examples from this semester's study.

Thesis: Physical and social structures are continually improving. We modernize the ancient inventions.

Primary Source #1:

“I turned in to the games one mid-day hoping for a little wit and humor there. I was bitterly disappointed. It was really mere butchery. The morning's show was merciful compared to it. Then men were thrown to lions and to bears: but at midday to the audience. There was no escape for them. The slayer was kept fighting until he could be slain. "Kill him! flog him! burn him alive" was the cry: "Why is he such a coward? Why won't he rush on the steel? Why does he fall so meekly? Why won't he die willingly?" Unhappy that I am, how have I deserved that I must look on such a scene as this? Do not, my Lucilius, attend the games, I pray you. Either you will be corrupted by the multitude, or, if you show disgust, be hated by them. So stay away.”

Ancient History Sourcebook: Seneca (b.4 BC/1 CE-d. 65 CE): Epistles 7: The Gladiatorial Games

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/seneca-letters7.html

Primary Source #2:

“But dull and unteachable persons are no more produced in the course of nature than are persons marked by monstrosity and deformities; such are certainly but few. It will be a proof of this assertion, that, among boys, good promise is shown in the far greater number; and, if it passes off in the progress of time, it is manifest that it was not natural ability, but care, that was wanting.”

Quintilian: The Ideal Education, c. 90 CE

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/quintilian-education.html

Primary Source #3:

“Oh, come now, Muses, (1)
and go to the craggy sacred place
upon the far-seen, twin-peaked Parnassus, (2)
celebrated and dear to us, Pierian maidens. (3)
Repose on the snow-clad mountain top;
celebrate the Pythian Lord (4)
with the goldensword, Phoebus,
whom Leto bore unassisted (5)
on the Delian rock (6) surrounded by silvery olives,
the luxuriant plant
which the Goddess Pallas (7)
long ago brought forth.”

Limenios: Paean and Processional (Second Delphic Hymn) (138 BCE)

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/delphic.html

Explanation of Argument: The first source talks about the gladiator games. We no longer today have them as they result in killing people, but we do have movies about war that are similar. The second source talks about education. We have taken the forms of education in the ancient world and made them our own. The third source is a song. Today there are hundreds of artists all composing new music.

Whats so wrong with Social Orders?

What is so wrong with social orders? Today there is not a defined separation of classes as there was in the Middle Ages. Some people may fly first class while others are in coach, but this is not as far as the medieval peoples went with separating the classes.

First off, you could never switch into a different class. There was no promotion at work that increased your pay; there was no miraculous invention that made you a billionaire over night. If you were born a peasant, you stayed a peasant for the rest of your life. If you were born a knight or nobleman, that’s what you were for the rest of your life. You could never upgrade, and you never had to downgrade.

The middle ages were all about feudalism. The upper class, the noblemen, preserved their power over the lower class through the feudal system. The kings, at the top of the status charts, understood that they had their land and were so powerful because God gave them that power. This was called the “divine right”. They were very pompous and treated their peasants terribly. “Raging against them beyond the bounds of malice and stupidity and doing unspeakable injuries to them”. (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/575Rauching.html) This is a quote describing the harsh treatment of slaves.

The problem with these social classes is that the upper classes were very crude and harsh to the lower classes. There is a big difference in this treatment between the classes than there is between today’s social classes.

The way the classes are designed also causes problems. It is not right the way they keep people limited to one class. To be born a serf is basically to be born a slave with no absolute hope of escape, and probably no happiness. You would work your whole life and nothing else. As aforementioned, you couldn’t get a promotion one day or a raise. You were stuck with what you got till the day you died. The noblemen surely didn’t see this as a problem. They would never have to become peasants. They would never have to work. They stayed in much nicer homes than the serfs and were treated like royalty, well what royalty was then.

The slaves and serfs were commonly traded and sold to other noblemen. They were not people, they were property. “You would have seen queues of the wretches of both sexes shackled together and you would have pitied them”. They would send the peasants to the market to run their errands. “those who were beautiful and those who were in the flower of youth were daily prostituted and sold amidst much wailing to the barbarians” (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1066serfs3.html) The women serfs that were pretty or young were sold into prostitution to other men.

The social orders of the middle ages gave not only opportunity for maltreatment, but encouragement for that treatment. The people of the upper social classes had nothing to be afraid of. The peasants would never have any social status high enough to be able to make a legitimate accusation against the noblemen mistreating them. Their thoughts and ideas would never be considered true or even relevant no matter what.

The medieval people were about who was the best and who was the worst. There was no middle. Just the top and the bottom. They needed a better system than kings and slaves. The ideology of the kings, knights, and noblemen of the middle ages was seriously flawed. They showed no respect for human life as expressed by the fact that they just sold people off and bought new ones. Medieval social orders were not ordered at all.

Works Cited

"Feudalism." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 07 June 2010. .

"Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory of Tours: Harsh Treatment of Serfs and Slaves, C." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 07 June 2010. .

"Medieval Sourcebook: Traffic in Slaves: England, 1065-1066." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 06 June 2010. .

"Middle Ages." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 07 June 2010. .

Hammurabi Code

The Laws of Hammurabi on Prezi

May 11th - Queen Elizabeth

• Elizabeth was not afraid of becoming the queen
• She had a quick temper and would read to calm herself
• Dancing always cheered her up and she would have parties to do just that
• Elizabeth was urged to find an heir
• Mary was found guilty of a plot to assassinate Elizabeth and was beheaded
• Elizabeth was afraid of having portraits done because she did not want to appear to be aging.
• The Elizabethan Age was one of culture, change, and new exploration
• Elizabeth said she could not forgive what the Earle of Essex did to England, only what he did to her as a woman
• Elizabeth had decided she did not want to live anymore and appointed James V of Scotland
• Elizabeth's life represented the heart of her country

England: 15th and 16th Centuries

• Elizabeth I became queen of England when she was 25
• This time became the Elizabethan age
• She was the daughter of King Henry VIII
• Elizabeth had a full staff to attend to her as a child
• Mary refused to take second place to Elizabet, her sister
• Detail was extremely important as it was a symbol of status
• Elizabeth was declared illegitimate
• She became very secretive, proud, and intelligent
• Elizabeth, 10, had a better home with a new stepmother - she became very intelligent
• She knew how to behave well and could do many things like a much older and more mature woman
• Her future became very uncertain when her father died.
• Her brother was only 10 and could not take the throne
• Elizabeth's future seemed very problematic
• Thomas wanted power and tried to seduce Elizabeth, when that failed he advanced towards and married Catherine Parr, Henry's widow
• Catherine died soon after in childbirth
• Elizabeth hated Thomas for there was a rumor that he had gotten her pregnant
• She attracted attention at her brother's palace since her sister, Mary, would not come because they weren't catholic
• Edwards death was kept secret for several days to get everything in order
• Mary became queen much to the approval of the citizens
• Elizabeth watched he steps and waited for her turn at the throne
• by 1550, Elizabeth ran her own household - she lived a frugal life, but would occasionally splurge
• Her experiences during her brothers reign taught her to be cautious
• She knew she was next in line for the throne and knew this was a dangerous and fought-over spot
• Elizabeth was sent away to keep her from London
• Mary and Elizabeth met and reconciled - Elizabeth oved back to her home
• Mary lost her campaign and was deserted by her husband
• She sent word that Elizabeth could become queen
• After six days, she moved to England to take the throne at only 25
• She

The Medici's

1. Men were scouring Europe in search of treasure
2. In the deepest part of the church were lost secrets from the ancient world
3. The past was dangerous
4. In 1400, Florence was a major trading center, a republic, with powerful families - it was thriving like more modern cities such as New York and Paris
5. An ambitious family, the Medici's were trying to become the big-shots of Florence
6. In 1410, a man who had taken a loan from the Medici bank became Pope
• This amplified their social standing
7. Felipo Bruneleske
• He was a genius
• Had a very unorthodox style
• This gave him few friends
• Was brought out forcefully from the …
• In 1419, an orphanage became a showcase for his ideas
• His style of architecture was bringing back classical styles
• People were amazed at this "new" idea
• Classical simplicity
• Sparked an arch9itectural revolution across Europe
8. The Medici family tried to promote their family name through art, and so forth
9. Bruneleske set to work on fixing the unfinished dome
10. Casimo Medici supported him
11. B had to rewrite the rules of architecture and there was no guarantee of success
12. In ancient Rome, buildings were amazing and could be looked at for inspiration
13. B wanted to study the Pantheon
14. Casimo became wealthy and people were starting to go against him
• He transferred large sums of money out of Florence to protect his family
15. The Medici were back in business
1. Casimo knew that treating people nice would get better work from them

May 10th - The Medici's

• The Patsy family had a much more noble lineage than the Medici
• They were knights and noblemen, but the Medici were never any of that
• Then, Lorenzo Medici took over power in Florence
• The Patsy decided to take out the Medici brothers
• Sunday, April 26, 1478 - Easter. The Medici and many others are honoring it in church.
• The Patsy planned to kill the Medici's during mass.
• Guliano was stabbed and died instantly, but Lorenzo could not be found
• He had survived, but was wounded - he showed himself to the crowd to show that the Medici's were still in power
• The Patsy were not supported and were killed
• The pope had ordered troops to go out and end the Medici power
• Lorenzo left alone to seek his enemies
• He traveled for nearly a month and docked at Naples just before Christmas
• He cut a deal with his enemies which angered the Pope
• The enemy troops were called off and because of his money, charm, and skill saved Florence
• He adopted the illegitimate son of his dead brother to continue the Medici dynasty
• Leonardo DaVinci was a growing apprentice for a wealthy painter in Florence.
• His work was so good, the man gave up
• Leonardo was competing with Bonicelli for Lorenzo's employment
• Florence's freedom was in threat
• A Dominican monk believed Lorenzo was leading Florence to destruction
• July 29, 1487 - Lorenzo's wife suddenly died of tuberculosis
• Lorenzo found solace in art
• In 1488, he established the first art school using classical sculptures from his own collection to study
• One student there, Michaelangelo, was the first to start working with marble
• Lorenzo brought Michaelangelo into his family and gave him room in the Medici palace
• Michaelangelo worked very hard for Lorenzo's approval
• Michaelangelo was drawn toward the classical legends he heard at the Medici dinner table from other nobleman
• Florence was split between the peole that thought the monk was right and society had gone off the track, while the others wanted a more classical time
• Lorenzo was losing his grip on the family business
• The banks were starting to close and the family network was falling apart
• Lorenzo fell ill in 1492, he turned towards the church
• Lorenzo knew he was dying and needed to repent
• At 43, he died still fearing hell
• The monk, Savonarola seized the chance
• He came up with new rules which were enforced by gangs of militant youth
• Wigs, cosmetics, jewelry, and other things of Lorenzo's renaissance were burned, even Bonicelli joined them in burning things
• This fire became known as the Bonfire of the Vanities

Aliens?!?

After reading the NPR blog post considering the existence of aliens and the proper way to go about contact with them, I would have to agree with Stephen Hawking. He makes a very valid point that we don't know what they would be like - THEY'RE ALIENS!!. Some may want to think that they will be nice and friendly, but the reality could very well be that they are cruel creatures that have no feelings for our lives. They could just want the resources held on Earth and we cannot take the risk that of that not being the case. Inviting strange creatures that we do not know a thing about is just pleading for an international catastrophe. Has anybody else thought that if these creatures were separated from us, there is probably a very good reason for it. Even though contacting such organisms, if they exist, seems like another leap for mankind, the end result could be the end of mankind. We cannot go about investigating something that is unknown - aren't most people afraid of the unknown anyway? I am.

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/04/aliens_stephen_hawking.html

The Renaissance

1. Monsters and demons were incorporated into the architecture
2. Modern art was born at the end of the Northern Renaissance
3. In the early Italian renaissance there were religious paintings and art, but things became less 2-D than in the middle ages
4. da Vinci wants to experiment with images
• Wanted to go against the traditional styles and come up with his own ideas
• He looked at people and real life and not into the history in the bible
• Portraits became big in this time period - portraits of all kinds of people not just people of high social standing
5. Artists are exploring new ideas
• They follow new ideas and mythologies outside of the bible
• Paintings and sculptures were modeled after more classical things that had been recently discovered
6. The church was concerned because Europe was brought into religious confusion due to the protestant reformation
• Luther posted the 95 theses - they made his disagreement with the roman catholic church public
• In England, Henry VIII is angered by the pope who will not consent to his divorce
7. Hieronymous Bosch
8. Spain was set to become the new center of Europe
9. Philip collected paintings by Bosch - Bosch was an eccentric unorthodox artist
10. The point of medieval art was not meant to be complicated, it was meant to warn you; Renaissance art makes people really look at the art piece. It challenged you to understand and comprehend the story behind the art.